Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of optical aberrations. Adding AO to retinal imaging tools allows noninvasive direct visualization of the photoreceptor cells, capillaries, and nerve fiber bundles by correcting the eye’s monochromatic aberrations. AO can provide new information on the early pathological changes of the retinal microstructures in various retinal diseases, can also monitor response to novel treatments at the cellular level, and can help better select candidates for such treatments. This review discusses the basics, clinical applications, and challenges of AO retinal imaging.

Aim The aim of the study was to conduct an epidemiological study of ocular trauma cases presented to the Mansoura Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura College, regarding patient age, sex, and job, the reason for trauma, and kind of ocular injuries. Patients and methods This research is dependent on hospital discharge sheets, studies from the emergency room setting or population-based interviews. It is a retrospective epidemiological study that includes all patients presenting with ocular injuries to the Mansoura Ophthalmic Center (Mansoura College) throughout the period from January 2012 to June 2015. Within this study, we examined retrospectively 1134 patients presenting with eye injuries. Patient’s collected data included age, sex, address, occupation, duration of presentation, reason for trauma, site to trauma, and kind of injuries. The reason for injuries was differentiated into blunt or sharp. Based on the site of eye injuries, the data were classified into three groups: work-related injuries, home-related injuries, and street-related injuries. The examination sheet for the hurt eye was acquired, and information was recorded based on the standardized classification of ocular trauma. Results The study incorporated 1134 patients presenting with eye injuries within a period of 3.5 years (from January 2012 to June 2015). Most instances (80.4%) of ocular trauma occurred in male patients, who had an average chronological age of 25 years (varying from 1 to 80 years). Factory employees represent 36.2% of the total injury cases. Farmers represented 2.5% of hurt individuals. Students represented 18.5% of hurt individuals. Motorists constituted 1.4%. Housewives constituted 7.2% of injury cases. Individuals without any jobs constituted 34.2% of cases. Within this study, there was no delay in presentation to the hospital in 788 (69.5%) cases. However, 268 (23.6%) patients demonstrated delay greater than 24 h to 1 week, and 78 (6.9%) patients demonstrated delay in excess of 7 days. Workplace injuries constituted 36.7% of cases, road-related injuries 31.9% of cases, and home injuries 31.4% of cases. Blunt objects represented 36.3% of eye injury cases. Sharp objects represented 63.7% of eye injury cases. There have been 852 (75.1%) closed-globe injuries and 282 (24.9%) open-globe injuries. Conclusion In Egypt, ocular trauma is an issue, as it is a significant reason for blindness. This research was targeted at determining factors that are characteristics of ocular trauma, so that they can aid in reducing its prevalence in Egypt.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of graded inferior oblique muscle recession (8–10 mm) and inferior oblique recession with anterior transposition (12 mm) in adult unilateral congenital superior oblique palsy patients with good binocular vision (strabismus sursoadductorius). Patients and methods This study included 53 patients who presented with pure unilateral strabismus sursoadductorius and stereopsis [mean age: 39.8 (SD±17) years] during the time period between 2011 and 2014. Graded inferior oblique recession (8–10 mm) was performed for 26 patients with vertical deviation (VD) of less than 15° in adduction. Maximal recession with anterior transposition to the temporal side of the inferior rectus muscle insertion was performed for 27 patients with VD of more than 15° in adduction. Horizontal deviations and VD were measured using the alternate prism cover test in five directions of gaze preoperatively and 3 months after the operation. Moreover, subjective quantitative assessment of the angles of deviation, including horizontal deviations, VD, and cyclodeviation, was carried out using Harms’ tangent screen. Results The median effect of the operation on VD in 25° adduction increased from 6° with 8–10 mm recession to 10.5° with maximal recession and anterior transposition to the lateral side of inferior rectus muscle insertion. This was related more to the amount of preoperative VD in adduction than to the amount of inferior oblique recession. The incyclorotatory effect of both procedures was small and not significantly different between the two groups. Three patients had a postoperative hypotropia (2°–5°) with limited elevation. Four patients were planned for further surgery (8%) because of undercorrection in three cases and the appearance of contralateral strabismus sursoadductorius in one case. Conclusion Graded recession of the inferior oblique muscle (8–10 mm) is effective for patients with mild-to-moderate strabismus sursoadductorius. Maximal recession with anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle is an ideal approach for patients with marked strabismus sursoadductorius. The rate of undercorrection as well as overcorrection that necessitated reoperations was low.

Aim The aim of this work was to study the changes that occur in the posterior corneal surface after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in moderate myopia using pentacam. Patients and methods This prospective study included 30 myopic eyes of 17 patients with spherical equivalent −2.00–6.00 D who underwent PRK using Visx S4 Excimer Laser. Pentacam examination was carried out for all our eyes at preoperatively, and 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. Pentacam was used to compare preoperative and postoperative measurements of the anterior and posterior corneal curvatures, and asphericity of the posterior corneal surface. Results This study included 30 myopic eyes of 17 patients, seven women and 10 men. Patients’ ages ranged from 28 to 40 years; the mean age was 30.3±3.03 years. No statistically significant changes were found in the posterior horizontal corneal curvature. A statistically significant change in the posterior vertical corneal curvature from 6.1±0.3 to 6.06±0.2 mm 1 week after PRK was found, but it increased after 3 months to 6.2±0.3 mm. No statistically significant changes in the posterior mean corneal curvature were observed either at 1 week or 3 months after PRK. A significant change in the Q-value (asphericity) was found both at 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion After PRK, changes in the posterior corneal surface affect mainly the vertical curvature asphericity with forward elevation of the posterior corneal surface.